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1001 kiểu trang phục Halloween của giới trẻ

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1001 kiểu trang phục Halloween của giới trẻ

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Make-up artist

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A make-up artist or MUA (the standard abbreviation) is an artist who creates makeup and prosthetics for theatrical, television, film, fashion, magazines and other similar productions including all aspects of the modeling world. In some cases, the title of Make-up Artist can also encompass the responsibilities of hair styling. Awards given for this profession in the entertainment industry include the Academy Award for Makeup and several Emmy awards.

Make-up artistry, in general, is not a well paying occupation, relative to other entertainment industry placements. However, a MUA can secure a well-paying position in the modeling and photography world, when one has garnered a sufficient reputation and skill set. Proficiency, as with any art form is subjective, however the standard MUA is judged on the ability to display a face to its full potential (as desired by the director or photographer) as well as establish a working relationship with the actor, photographer or person being worked on. Make-up artists can receive their training in several different ways; they can intern at a theater, they can assist a working make-up artist, or they can attend a school dedicated to make-up artistry. Make-up artists are primarily self-employed (freelancers), but they may also be represented by an agency, or employed by a production company. In the United States as well as the UK, several provinces or states may require a license. In many instances,in order to work on film, tv or theater productions you must be part of an applicable union.

However, it must be mentioned that Make-up Artists in general upon starting out spend several years working for limited pay, TFCD/TF or "testing" to build a network of contacts that will assist in securing future work.

Contents

1 Areas of expertise
2 Well-known make-up artists
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Areas of expertise

Fashion Make-up: Fashion make-up is used in magazine photography as well as on the fashion runway. This branch of make-up design is often highly stylized and is usually focused on making the model or actor look as attractive as possible.
Theatrical Make-up: Stage make-up is used as a method in conjunction with stage lighting to highlight the actors' faces in order make expressions visible to the audience from moderate distances. This often includes defining the eyes and lips as well as the highlights and lowlights of the facial bones.
High Definition: This strategy for filming offers a new challenge to make-up artists; the extremely sharp resolution of the filming technique requires a new level of coverage needed on a person's face in order to minimize flaws.^[1]
Special Effects Make-up (FX Makeup): The use of special effects make-up can be found in all possible areas of make-up and includes all blood and gore make-up techniques as well as fantasy make-up and the use of prosthetics. This area often becomes a much more complicated process as plaster casting and other crafts are needed to complete the make-up.
Airbrushing: The use of an airbrush is a small, air-operated tool that sprays various media including alcohol and water-based makeup by a process of nebulization. Though the earliest record of this type of cosmetic application dates back to the 1925 film version of Ben-Hur, it has recently been re-popularized by the advent of Hi-Definition Television and Digital Photography, wherein the camera sees more detail than ever before. Liquid Foundations that are high in coverage but thin in texture are applied with the airbrush for full coverage without a heavy build-up of product. Because of the spray dot pattern the airbrush puts down, this products also reads as more even to the camera, which records the image in similar tiny pixels. It is also a highly popular technique for Special F/X Makeup.

Well-known make-up artists

See also: Academy Award for Makeup

Max Factor, Sr. is known as the father of modern makeup. In 1914, Max Factor created a makeup specifically for movie-actors that, unlike theatrical makeup, would not crack or cake.
Richard Corson was the author of Stage Makeup (ISBN 978-0136061533) which has to date been revised and reprinted nine times since 1942. His name is one of the most recognized in the theatrical makeup world.^{[citation needed]}
Kevyn Aucoin was a well-known makeup artist who cateres primarily to Hollywood stars and models working on magazine photoshoots and fashion shows. He is the author of several bestselling books including Face Forward (ISBN 978-0316287050) and Making Faces (ISBN 978-0316286855).
Jack Pierce was a Hollywood make-up artist who is credited with creating the look of Boris Karloff's Frankenstein in 1931.
Jack Dawn, a Hollywood make-up artist best known for his work on The Wizard of Oz
Bobbi Brown is the CEO of Bobbi Brown Cosmetics and is the author of several books.
Ben Nye, a renowned makeup artist for the Hollywood film industry for over four decades and creator of Ben Nye Cosmetics.
Khush Singh is the CEO of mKarma Cosmetics and is the author of several books.
The Westmore Family are famous Hollywood make-up artists,which began with British-born George Westmore and his six sons Mont,Perc,Ern,Wally,Bud and Frank working with all the major US film studios.Many descendants such as Michael (best known for his work on the Star Trek
series), Marvin (who runs the Westmore Academy make-up school), and Pamela (Sandra Bullock's favorite make-up artist) continue the family tradition to the present day.
Mickey Contractor, a Bollywood Makeup Artist and Creative Director for MAC India.

Beauty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For beauty as a characteristic of a person's appearance, see Physical attractiveness. For other uses, see Beauty (disambiguation).

Beauty is a characteristic of a person, animal, place, object, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, meaning, or satisfaction. Beauty is studied as part of aesthetics, sociology, social psychology, and culture. As a cultural creation, beauty has been extremely commercialized. An "ideal beauty" is an entity which is admired, or possesses features widely attributed to beauty in a particular culture.

The experience of "beauty" often involves the interpretation of some entity as being in balance and harmony with nature, which may lead to feelings of attraction and emotional well-being. Because this is a subjective experience, it is often said that "beauty is in the eye of the beholder."^[1] In its most profound sense, beauty may engender a salient experience of positive reflection about the meaning of one's own existence. A subject of beauty is anything that resonates with personal meaning.

The classical Greek adjective beautiful was καλλός. The Koine Greek word for beautiful was "ὡραῖος",^[2] an adjective etymologically coming from the word "ὥρα" meaning hour. In Koine Greek, beauty was thus associated with "being of one's hour". A ripe fruit (of its time) was considered beautiful, whereas a young woman trying to appear older or an older woman trying to appear younger would not be considered beautiful. ὡραῖος in Attic Greek had many meanings, including youthful and ripe old age.^[3]

Contents

[hide]

1 History of beauty
2 Human beauty
- 2.1 Inner beauty
3 Effects on society
4 Ugliness
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

//

History of beauty

The Taj Mahal is an example of symmetry in architecture.

There is evidence that a preference for beautiful faces emerges early in child development, and that the standards of attractiveness are similar across different genders and cultures.^[4] Symmetry is also important because it suggests the absence of genetic or acquired defects. Although style and fashion vary widely, cross-cultural research has found a variety of commonalities in people's perception of beauty. The earliest Western theory of beauty can be found in the works of early Greek philosophers from the pre-Socratic period, such as Pythagoras. The Pythagorean school saw a strong connection between mathematics and beauty. In particular, they noted that objects proportioned according to the golden ratio seemed more attractive. Ancient Greek architecture is based on this view of symmetry and proportion.

Classical philosophy and sculptures of men and women produced according to these philosophers' tenets of ideal human beauty were rediscovered in Renaissance Europe, leading to a re-adoption of what became known as a "classical ideal". In terms of female human beauty, a woman whose appearance conforms to these tenets is still called a "classical beauty" or said to possess a "classical beauty", whilst the foundations laid by Greek and Roman artists have also supplied the standard for male beauty in western civilization.

Beauty ideals may contribute to racial oppression. For example, a prevailing idea in American culture has been that black features are less attractive or desirable than white features. The idea that blackness was ugly was highly damaging to the psyche of African Americans, manifesting itself as internalized racism.^[5] The black is beautiful cultural movement sought to dispel this notion.^[6] Conversely, beauty ideals may also promote racial unity. Mixed race children are often perceived to be more attractive than their parents because their genetic diversity protects them from the inherited errors of their individual parents. ^[7]

Human beauty

Main article: physical attractiveness

The characterization of a person as “beautiful”, whether on an individual basis or by community consensus, is often based on some combination of Inner Beauty, which includes psychological factors such as personality, intelligence, grace, congeniality, charm, integrity, congruity and elegance, and Outer Beauty, (i.e. physical attractiveness) which includes physical factors, such as health, youthfulness, sexiness, symmetry, averageness, and complexion.

A common way to measure outer beauty, as based on community consensus, or general opinion, is to stage a beauty pageant, such as Miss Universe. Inner beauty, however, is more difficult to quantify, though beauty pageants often claim to take this into consideration as well.

A strong indicator of physical beauty is "averageness", or "koinophilia". When images of human faces are averaged together to form a composite image, they become progressively closer to the "ideal" image and are perceived as more attractive. This was first noticed in 1883, when Francis Galton, cousin of Charles Darwin, overlaid photographic composite images of the faces of vegetarians and criminals to see if there was a typical facial appearance for each. When doing this, he noticed that the composite images were more attractive compared to any of the individual images. Researchers have replicated the result under more controlled conditions and found that the computer generated, mathematical average of a series of faces is rated more favorably than individual faces.^[8] Evolutionarily it makes logical sense that sexual creatures should be attracted to mates who possess predominantly common or average features.^[9]

Another feature of beautiful women that has been explored by researchers is a waist-to-hip ratio of approximately 0.70 for women. Physiologists have shown that this ratio accurately indicates most women's fertility. Weight and skin color often govern attractiveness in a way dependent on one's culture^[10] Beauty is not solely limited to the female gender. More often defined as 'bishōnen,' the concept of beauty in men has been particularly established throughout history in East Asia, and most notably, in Japan. This is distinct from the idea of being metrosexual, which focuses mainly on the behavior of men in traditionally feminine ways. Bishōnen refers to males with distinctly feminine features, physical characteristics establishing the standard of beauty in Japan and typically exhibited in their pop culture idols. The origin of such a preference is uncertain but it clearly exists even today.

Inner beauty

Inner beauty is a concept used to describe the positive aspects of something that is not physically observable.

While most species use physical traits and pheromones to attract mates, some humans claim to rely on the inner beauty of their choices. Qualities including kindness, sensitivity, tenderness or compassion, creativity and intelligence have been said to be desirable since antiquity.

Effects on society

Beauty presents a standard of comparison, and it can cause resentment and dissatisfaction when not achieved. People who do not fit the "beauty ideal" may be ostracized within their communities. The television sitcom Ugly Betty portrays the life of a girl faced with hardships due to society's unwelcoming attitudes toward those they deem unattractive. However, a person may also be targeted for harassment because of their beauty. In Malèna, a strikingly beautiful Italian woman is forced into poverty by the women of the community who refuse to give her work in fear that she may "woo" their husbands.

Chinese Jade ornament with flower design, Jin Dynasty (1115-1234 AD), Shanghai Museum.

Researchers have found that good looking students get higher grades from their teachers than students with an ordinary appearance.^{[citation needed]} Furthermore, attractive patients receive more personalized care from their doctors.^{[citation needed]} Studies have even shown that handsome criminals receive lighter sentences than less attractive convicts.^{[citation needed]} How much money a person earns may also be influenced by physical beauty. One study found that people low in physical attractiveness earn 5 to 10 percent less than ordinary looking people, who in turn earn 3 to 8 percent less than those who are considered good looking.^[11] Discrimination against others based on their appearance is known as lookism.^{[citation needed]}

St. Augustine said of beauty "Beauty is indeed a good gift of God; but that the good may not think it a great good, God dispenses it even to the wicked."^[12]

Ugliness

Ugliness is a property of a person or thing that is unpleasant to look upon and results in a highly unfavorable evaluation. To be ugly is to be aesthetically unattractive, repulsive, or offensive.^[13] Like its opposite, beauty, ugliness involves a subjective judgment and is at least partly in the "eye of the beholder." Thus, the perception of ugliness can be mistaken or short-sighted, as in the story of The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Andersen.

Although ugliness is normally viewed as a visible characteristic, it can also be an internal attribute. For example, an individual could be outwardly attractive but inwardly thoughtless and cruel. It is also possible to be in an "ugly mood," which is a temporary, internal state of unpleasantness.

See also

Aesthetics
Glamour
Style
Human physical appearance
Beauty in Nature
Mathematical beauty
Sexual attraction
Erotic capital

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